Jainism

Jainism is known for its teachings on non-violence (ahimsa), truth (satya), non-possessiveness (aparigraha), and asceticism. Jainism has a rich philosophical and ethical tradition that emphasizes self-discipline and spiritual purification. Jains uphold their values and practices in contemporary society with an emphasis non-violence, truth, and self-discipline, and a strong commitment to vegetarianism and environmental conservation.

Core Beliefs

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): Ahimsa is one of the fundamental principles of Jainism. Jains are committed to non-violence in thought, word, and deed. They strive to minimize harm to all living beings, including animals and plants.
• Satya (Truth): Jains emphasize speaking the truth and practicing honesty and sincerity in all aspects of life.
• Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness): Jains believe in non-attachment to material possessions and minimizing one's needs and desires.
• Asteya (Non-stealing): Jains refrain from stealing or taking anything that does not belong to them.
• Brahmacharya (Chastity): Chastity is upheld as a virtue in Jainism, with emphasis on controlling sexual desires.

Concept of Karma: Jains believe in the concept of karma, which holds that all actions have consequences that affect future lives. Karma is categorized into various types, and Jain practices aim to minimize the accumulation of negative karma.

Origin & Founder: Jainism is an ancient religion that originated in India around the 6th century BCE. It is traditionally attributed to Lord Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana, who is believed to have been a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism. Lord Mahavira is considered the 24th Tirthankara, or spiritual teacher and guide, in Jainism.

Tirthankaras: In Jainism, Tirthankaras are revered spiritual teachers who have attained moksha (liberation) and have shown the path to salvation for others. Lord Mahavira is the most recent Tirthankara, but there were 23 others before him.

Jain Scriptures: Jainism has a rich collection of sacred texts, including the Agamas and the Angas, which contain the teachings of Lord Mahavira. The most important Jain scripture is the Bhagavati Sutra, which discusses various aspects of Jain philosophy, ethics, and conduct.

Five Vows (Mahavrata)

Jain monks and nuns, known as sadhus and sadhvis, follow five major vows to lead a life of spiritual purity:

• Ahimsa: Non-violence
• Satya: Truth
• Asteya: Non-stealing
• Aparigraha: Non-possessiveness
• Brahmacharya: Chastity

Spiritual Practices: Jainism encourages various spiritual practices, including meditation, prayer, self-discipline, and austerities. Jain monks and nuns lead an ascetic lifestyle, renouncing worldly possessions and comforts.

Worship and Rituals: Jains worship at temples and conduct rituals that involve offerings, prayers, and the veneration of Tirthankaras. The most famous Jain pilgrimage site is Shri Mahavirji in Rajasthan, India.

Jain Sects: There are two main sects within Jainism: the Digambara sect and the Svetambara sect. These sects have some differences in practices, particularly in the attire of monks and the use of clothing.

Jain Contributions: Jainism has made significant contributions to Indian philosophy, ethics, and mathematics. Jain scholars have also played a role in preserving and documenting ancient texts and knowledge.

Jainism Holidays & Festivals

To commemorate important events in the lives of Tirthankaras (spiritual teachers) and celebrate key principles of the Jain faith, these festivals provide opportunities for Jains to engage in acts of devotion, prayer, and self-reflection. Celebrations may vary by customs and practices and different Jain sects and communities. 

Dates of Jain festivals may vary from year to year because Jainism follows a lunar calendar.

Mahavir Jayanti: Mahavir Jayanti is the most important Jain festival, celebrated to honor the birth of Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara. It usually falls in March or April, depending on the lunar calendar. Devotees visit Jain temples, offer prayers, listen to religious discourses, and engage in charitable activities.

Paryushana Parva (Daslakshana Parva): Paryushana is one of the most significant Jain observances and is a period of self-study, reflection, and spiritual purification. It lasts for eight or ten days, depending on the Jain sect and tradition, and typically occurs in August or September. During Paryushana, Jains undertake fasts, engage in meditation, and intensify their commitment to the Five Great Vows (Mahavrata).

Samvatsari (Kshamavani): Samvatsari, also known as the Day of Forgiveness, marks the end of Paryushana Parva. It is a day of self-purification and seeking forgiveness for any harm done intentionally or unintentionally to others. Jains personally approach friends, family, and acquaintances to seek and offer forgiveness.

Diwali: Jain Diwali is celebrated alongside the Hindu festival of Diwali but has distinct significance for Jains. It marks the anniversary of Lord Mahavira's attainment of nirvana (liberation) or moksha. Jains illuminate their homes and temples with lamps, engage in prayers, and visit Jain temples.

Akhshaya Tritiya: Akshaya Tritiya is a day considered highly auspicious in Jainism. It typically falls in April or May and is associated with charitable giving and performing good deeds. Jains believe that any virtuous action undertaken on this day will bring unending benefits.

Varshitap (Varsha Tapasya): Varshitap is a monsoon fasting observance undertaken by Jain monks and nuns. During the four-month rainy season, they stay in one place, practice austerities, and engage in intensive meditation and spiritual study.

Saman Suttam Jayanti: This festival is observed to honor the compilation of Saman Suttam, a sacred Jain text containing hymns and teachings. It is celebrated with prayers, readings from the Saman Suttam, and discussions of its philosophical content.

Rathayatras: Some Jain temples organize Rathayatras, or chariot processions, during which idols of Tirthankaras are placed on elaborately decorated chariots and paraded through the streets. Devotees participate in these processions, sing hymns, and offer prayers.

Other Observances: Jains also observe various fasting days throughout the year, such as Ekadashi (the 11th day of each lunar fortnight), Pajushana (a monthly fasting day), and Chaumasi Chaudas (a quarterly fasting day).