This Day in History: January 1
- 45 BCE - The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar, takes effect in the Roman Republic.
- 1804 - Haiti officially gains independence from France, becoming the first independent nation in Latin America and the Caribbean.
- 1863 - The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln goes into effect, freeing enslaved people in Confederate-held territories.
- 1919 - The League of Nations is established, marking an early attempt at international diplomacy and cooperation.
- 1942 - The Declaration by United Nations is signed by 26 Allied nations during World War II, establishing the United Nations as a concept.
- 1945 - The United Nations officially comes into existence with the ratification of its charter.
- 1962 - Pope John XXIII excommunicates Cuban leader Fidel Castro due to religious tensions.
- 1979 - The United States and China formally establish diplomatic relations, reshaping global politics.
- 1981 - Greece enters the European Community (predecessor to the European Union), fostering economic and political cooperation.
- 2013 - Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union, enhancing its role in European history and politics.
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